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清华大学考研辅导强化班课程《英语翻译》 |
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| www.iselong.com 日期：2006-03-14 16:29
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VII. 结构调整 顺理成章
考题实例：Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （2000）
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种方式相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新压力。
（结构转换 词序调整 ）
结构调整是英汉互译中的又一常用翻译技巧。由于英汉不同的造句结构和表达习惯，英语中有些句子的词序、语序在译成汉语时，应加以调整，使其符合汉语的表达习惯。如：iron and steel plant钢铁厂，export and import进出口，track and field田径，popular modern songs现代流行歌曲，look right and left左顾右盼，life and death死活，land and water水陆， fire and water水火，hot and cold冷热，heavy and light轻重，old and new新旧，等等。在必要的情况下有时还要打破原文的句式结构，对译文进行结构调整，才能表达清楚，顺理成章。请看下面一道英译汉的原试题：
And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively
1 2 3
sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
4
而进入老年以后，惯于多动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人，其认知能力 要比从不积极动脑子的2 1 3 4
人 更为健全。
3
句首的And一词承上启下，故译作“而”；doing指的是上文中的to think about things，所以译作“动脑筋”；rather than用以否定其后内容；谓语will go into old age则独立分译出来。原文的1234结构顺序译成汉语之后，变成了2143的顺序。由此可见结构调整在英汉翻译中的重要作用。
II.英译汉结构调整的常用方法技巧
1．顺序法; 即按原文的句子顺序翻译。
1) It was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still. We couldn’t move-that must have been the whole idea-so we had no choice but to watch.
的是战争的那天我们却原地按兵不动。我们不能动弹—这就是这次战争的整个含意—除了监视敌人，我们别无他法。
2) Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected: there is a “high-temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with it center roughly thirty miles above the ground.
火箭研究证实了早就怀疑的这样一个奇异的事实:大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里高的地方。
3) In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.
为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断进行斗争。
2．逆序法；即颠倒原文的顺序，将句首的内容放到句尾，句尾的内容放到句首。
1)He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone．她非要他讲清楚他津贴中的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，他哑口无言。
2)And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.
敌人吹嘘说能在几小时内就占领该战略要地，可是由于一路受到顽强抵抗，结果甚至连外围地带也没能占领。这一事实使我增强了信心。
3) That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory．
这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
3. 时序法；按事件发生时间的先后顺序翻译。
1) We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.
我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。
2) It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January.
我原打算在今年一月访问中国，后来我又不得不予以推迟，这使我深感失望。
3) Dr. Smith resumed the activities of anti-cancer experiment begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures, which had resulted in its forced suspension.
史密斯医生于1945年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫终止了实验工作。现在他一重新振作起来，便立即恢复了抗癌实验活动。
4. 拆分法；将句中的插入成分提取出来单独翻译，另起一句放在句末。
1) They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.
他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。
2) Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。
3) Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other vantages that whites enjoy．
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
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